Aspirin Preparation Case Essay Example for Free

Aspirin Preparation Case Essay* How do drugss argon discovered and developedPharmacologist a unyielding with chemist focus on a specific unsoundness and unmet patient needs in format to discover new drugs. They search for biological invests within the soundbox that play a role in a tending(p) disease. Unique molecules be found or created that some day might be medicines.Lead Compound Selection, is the testing of compounds that might undergo the long expensive drug develop process.Random Screening- uses existing library of chemic agents. This is the simplest method scarcely the betting odds are low and patience is needed. Combinational Chemistry Screening- uses a compound (from existing library) as a base, then randomly adding amino acids or molecule segments of other agents to the base compound in order to enhance the base compounds activity and disease fighting potential. The enhanced compounds are then well-tried in rapid screening test. However this method is complex and constitutely but it improves the odds.Target Synthesis- targets the disease for drug intervention. For example High Blood Pressure would be studied in detail. Consequently this method quiet requires screening of hundreds of compounds and extensive amount of research to understand a particular disease process.Drug Modeling- uses more(prenominal) high technology. This method manipulates chemical structures by computers so that they tramp attach to, activate or inactivate proteins that interfere with or maintain the bodys normal functioning. The model is used to enhance the properties of the other methods but the cost for designer compounds are signifi can buoyt be pay off of the huge amount of research that is needed to identify biochemical target and establish their molecular structure.* How safety of drugs is checked before being used on the publicA drug undergoes 3 clinical phases before being used on the public.PHASE 1This is designed to determine the safety of the new dru g, how best to administer it and the correct dosage- (one that exit minimize desirable facial expression effects).20-30 patients (volunteers) are used to find out how the drug be eat ups in their body, so their blood and urine will be frequently monitored. Even though drugs in this will have been already tested in a laboratory.PHASE 2After the correct dosage has been determined in phase1 clinical trial, it can enter phase2. This trial consists of determining the drugs effectiveness in treating a specific disease. Phase2 involves more patients (volunteers) and they are tested for the number of platelets in their blood and take frequent blood samples.If the drug being tested brings a positive change in at least 1/5 of the patients then it can be tested in phase3. However if the drug shows very positive effects in-patients, the Food and Drug administration also have the option of approving the drug for command use at this point.PHASE 3This trial involves hundreds of patients and is divided into two groups. The control group receives a standard treatment (placebo) and the treatment groups are given the new drug. Results are then compared from the two groups. Blinded studies are used to pr fifty-fiftyt nonreversible study results.If the new successfully passes a phase3 trial the FDA will approve the drug for marketing to the general public.Purification-The acetylsalicylic acid is washed with distilled water until all the acetic acid is removed.-It is pressed to be as dry as possible and then dried more by a current of impregnable air at 60-70 degrees Celsius.The yield of pure acetylsalicylic acid is between 1780-1795kg per batch using this reaction process.* account statement of Aspirin and its modern development* How acetylsalicylic acid is prepared on the large scaleMain reactor for the process- a glass lined 1500 gallon fitted with a water-cooled reflux condenser, thermometers with automatic temperature register and an cost-effective agitator.The Moth er Liquor- 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene (this does not get used up.). The reactor is charged up with the mother liquor.1382kg of salicylic acid is added to the mother liquor.The reaction mixture is heated to between 85-92 degrees Celsius and kept at this temperature for 20 hours. The reaction mixture is transferred into an aluminum-cooling tank and is allowed to cool for 3-4 days. By the end the cool mixture will have reached room temperature 15-25 degrees Celsius.At this point the acetylsalicylic acid has precipitated as large regular crystals.Mother liquor is removed by filtration or centrifuging.Filtrate solution- 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid, 510kg of acetic anhydride, 600kg of acetic acid and 1200kg of toluene. The acetic acid is obtained as a by-product of the acetylation step of the process.An well-agitated reactor using a diffusion plate will get into Ketene screw up, to be passed through the recycled filtrate at a temperature between 15-25 d egrees Celsius.When a weight increase of 420.5kg of the Ketene gas is observed, the mother liquor contains 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid and 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene.The Mother liquor is recycled and 1382kg of Salicylic acid is added to get over the reaction cycleBC- the first and most influential physician wrote about the bitter powder extracted from the willow tree bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fever. 1700- The scientist Reverend Edmund Stone found out that the part of the willow tree bark that was bitter and good for fever and pain is a chemical known as Salicin. This transposes into another chemical called Salicylic acid when eaten. 1829- A pharmacist known as Leroux showed that Salicin is the active willow chemical element and for the first time an Italian chemist Piria used Salicylic acid to treat pain and swelling in diseases such(prenominal) as Arthritis and to treat fever in illnesses like Influenza.The problem was th at these chemicals was causing the users upset stomachs. somewhat people had bleeding in their digestive tracts from high doses needed to control swelling and pain.It was thought that the understanding of stomach upsets were because of the acid in the chemical, therefore the compound Salicylic acid went through a couple of chemical reactions that covered up one of the acidic parts with an ACETYL group, converting it to ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASA).It was found that ASA reduced fever and relieve of pain and swelling but also it was much better for the stomach and worked better than Salicylic Acid.1899- ASA was given the name ASPIRIN- that comes from the plant relative of a rose that makes SALICYLIC ACID (several plants makes this compound not just willow).* How drugs such as aspirin workProstaglandin is a chemical that is released to make the nerve ending register an even stronger pain to the brain. It is made in working cells of the damaged tissues by using an enzyme called CYCLOOXY GENASE 2 (COX-2).Prostaglandin makes you smelling the pain of the damaged area and causes it to swell up (inflammation), to bathe the tissues in fluid from the blood so that it will protect it and help it heal. Pain serves the purpose here to remind you that the damaged area cannot be used, as it is not healed.However sometimes we endure pain when there is no real creator to. For example Period Pains and Arthritis. It can make people feel really uncomfortable and arthritis can damage joints permanently.ASPIRIN works by locking itself to the enzyme that makes the chemical Prostaglandin. The enzyme C0X-2 that is found in normal tissues but mostly in tissues that have been damaged in some way, can no longer convert floating chemicals into Prostaglandin because they are unable to move with the aspirin lock on.Aspirin does not treat the cause of the pain it just lowers the pain signals getting through your nerves to the brain.* How effective aspirin isNew researches point that an aspi rin a day is a preventive measure against Heart Attacks. However the effectiveness of aspirin has differential effects depending on genetics.